These are but a few of the terms frequently used in the woodworking vernacular. While there are many disciplines, specialties and sub-genres of woodworking, each with their own idiosyncrasies, the list below reflects some of the more widely used terms. This list is by no means complete.

Air-Dried	Raw lumber that has been allowed to dry at normal temperatures, without the use of a kiln.
Aliphatic Glue	White woodworker's glue, comprised of an aliphatic resin.
Alternate Top Bevel with Raker	A circular saw blade comprising four alternately beveled teeth, followed by a raker tooth to remove debris from the cut.
Apron	A frame around the base of a table, to which legs are attached, and supporting the top.
Awl	A sharp-pointed instrument, used for scribing lines. Often called a "scratch awl," which is not to be confused with a screech owl, a small predatory bird noted for its shrill cry. :-)
Azebiki	A small type of Japanese Ryoba saw, used to cut into the flat side of a board, rather than into the edge.
Back Saw	A saw with a rectangular blade with a reinforced rib on its back for stability.
Band Saw (Bandsaw)	A saw that uses a looped cutting blade that passes around two or three wheels. The bandsaw is commonly used for cutting curves, ripping, and resawing.
Bench Dog	A round or square metal or wooden peg, inserted into a hole in a workbench, that stands proud of the bench top to hold a work piece in position. The peg may be spring-loaded to hold it in place in the hole.
Bevel	A cut made at an angle in respect to the face of a board.
Biscuit	A small, compressed wafer of hardwood, typically shaped like a little flat football. Used as a sort of hidden spline to join two workpieces of wood. A semicircular slot is cut into in each opposing face. Glue is inserted into the slots and the biscuit is then inserted, and the two workpieces are positioned together. The moisture in the glue causes the biscuit to expand, filling the slots and providing a stronger joint.
Blast Gate	A valve for controlling the flow of air in a dust collection vent. Opening the blast gate allows air movement from a machine to the dust collector. Blast gates allow several machines to be connected to a dust collection system simultaneously; gates are closed on machines not currently in use.
Blind Tenon	A tenon that does not pass completely through a mortise, making the joinery hidden from view.
Block Plane	A small plane designed for cutting across end grain.
Board Foot	A volumetric unit of measuring wood. A board foot is equivalent to 144 cubic inches. For example, a board measuring 6 inches x 24 inches x 1 inch thick has a volume of 1 board foot.
Bookmatch	Wood that is resawn, with the resulting thin pieces placed side-by-side to create a sort of "mirror image" of one another. A piece of wood can be resawn into several thin veneers and bookmatched in a series.
Box Joint	A corner joint utilizing a series of alternating, interlocking rectangular tabs.
Brad	A small finishing nail, typically less than 1 inch in length.
Brad-Point bit	A variant of the twist drill bit, having a flat end with a center point.
Bridle Joint	A joint where a tenon is cut on the end of one piece and a mortise is cut into the other to accept it. The tenon and the mortise are cut to the full width of the tenon member. Often used as a corner joint, typically in applications such as table legs and panel frames.
Burl	An abnormal growth on a tree. Often yields wood with an ususual grain.
Butt Joint	A woodworking joint where the edges of two boards are placed against one other. Generally not a very strong joint unless reinforced.
CAD	Computer-aided drafting. A computer-based method of rendering of technical drawings in two or three dimensions.
Caliper	An instrument with sliding jaws, used to measure the outside (and sometimes inside) dimensions of an object.
Carbide	Generally refers to tungsten carbide, a very hard substance that is fabricated into cutting tips. The cutting tips are most often found brazed onto steel tools, such as saw blades and router bits. Tungsten carbide is much harder than high-speed or carbon steel, but it is also more brittle.
Carcase	The body or framework of a piece of furniture or cabinet, having a box like shape. Often misspelled as "carcass."
Chamfer	A bevel on the edge of a board. Most typically at a 45 degree angle, but can be of any angle.
Check	A lumber defect, usually a narrow crack across the growth rings, caused by uneven shrinking of the wood during drying. Also something you will write a lot of, in support of your woodworking pastime.
Chuck	A device for grasping a tool or workpiece on a machine, such as on a lathe or drill..
Clear	A grading term describing a piece of lumber that is free of defects
Closed-Coat	Sandpaper wherein the abrasive grit covers 100% of the backing paper.
Collet	A sleeve that grips the shank of a bit in a router or other tool. An example is a collet that grasps a 1/4" or 1/2" diameter shanked router bit.
Combination Blade	A saw blade designed for both crosscutting and ripping. Generally a compromise between the two, as blades designed specifically for each of the cutting operations will usually perform better in their intended functions.
Combination Square	A square designed to measure both 90-degree and 45-degree angles.
Common	A grading term describing a piece of lumber that contains defects, such as knots.
Compound Cut	A cut having an angle to both the edge and the face, thus having a miter and a bevel, respectively.
Countersink	A boring having bevelled sides (conical), to accept the angled head of a flat-head screw. Generally to provide for a flush or below-flush position of the screw's head.
Counterbore	A boring having straight sides (cylindrical), often used for flush-mounting a bolt head or nut.
Crook	A lumber defect characterized by an edgewise warp effecting the straightness of the board. Extreme cases of this are sometimes referred to as "hockey sticks." Also used to describe an unscrupulous person selling tools on ebay.
Crosscut	A cut made perpendicular to the wood's grain.
Cross Lap	A lap joint where a first member is joined to a second member somewhere in the middle of the second member. The members are perpendicular to one another, and one may terminate at the joint, or it may continue beyond the joint -- hence the name.
Cup	A warp defect in a board, causing it to take on a concave shape.
Curl	A particular grain pattern in certain woods. Characterizes by a "wavy" or "curly" appearance.
Cyanoacrylic (CA)	A fast-bonding adhesive. Some formulations of CA adhesive can bond instantly.
Dado	Generally, a rectangular channel cut into a workpiece. A dado can be the more specific term used to describe a channel cut in the face of the workpiece, whereas a "rabbet" is a channel cut along the edge of a workpiece. Some woodworkers apply an even narrower interpretation of "dado" to mean a channel cut perpendicular to the grain in the face of a workpiece, with the term "groove" to refer to a channel cut parallel to the grain in the face of a workpiece. Yikes.
Dovetail Joint	A method of joining wood at corners by using a series of interlocking, angled "pins" and "tails."
Dovetail Lap	A tee-shaped joint similar to the cross lap, but using an angled lap which resists the joint being pulled apart.
Dowel	A cylindrical piece of wood or other material. Often used in joinery as a cross-member to hold two pieces together, or to reinforce other types of joints. Some types of dowels are made from a compressed wood or composite material, designed to expand once they are inserted in a hole, thus providing some additional strength to the joint.
Dozuki	A type of thin-kerf Japanese back saw, that cuts on the pull stroke.
Dressed Size	The actual dimensions of lumber, after it has been dried and planed.
Durability	A wood's ability to resist decay.
Edge-Gluing	Gluing narrow boards edge-to-edge to create a wider panel (a "glue-up").
Epoxy	An adhesive that is applied by mixing two viscous components -- a resin and a hardener. When cured, epoxies are impervious to water, and most acids and solvents. Often used to bond dissimilar materials and where the joint will undergo exposure to moisture or other extreme conditions.
Featherboard	A device with thin, flexible "fingers" that provide pressure to hold a board against a fence of a table saw or router.
Fence	A straight surface used to position a board at a uniform distance from a blade or other cutter while the board is being fed through a machine.
Figure	A naturally-occurring pattern in a wood's grain.
Filler	A substance used to fill pores and other small voids in wood before finishing..
Finger Joint	(See "Box Joint")
Flitch	A board that shows part of the round of the trunk.
Flush	When two or more adjacent surfaces are on the same plane (i.e., level) with one another. If two surfaces are not flush, the higher one is said to be "proud," and the lower one is "shy."
Forstner Bit	A specialty wood cutting bit designed to make a clean, flat bottomed hole. Can be used at extreme angles. Intended to be used in a drill press.
Fret Saw	A fine-toothed saw, used for making delicate cuts in thin material.
Grain	The longitudinal fibers in wood.
Grit	A relative measure of the size of abrasive particles used in the manufacture of sandpaper. The lower the grit number, the larger the particles.
Half Lap	A type of lap joinery, sometimes known as end lap, where each member has one shoulder and one cheek. The resulting joint is formed by overlapping the two lapped ends.
Hardboard	A composite board made from compressed wood fibers held together with a binding agent. Somewhat similar in structure to MDF, except that hardboard is (naturally) harder, and denser. Usually made into thin sheets, and marketed under names such as "Masonite."
Hardwood	Wood produced by deciduous trees. The wood is not always hard (e.g., Balsa), but most species are harder than the softwoods.
Heartwood	The dead inner core of a tree. This part of the wood is usually harder and darker than the sapwood.
High Speed Steel (HSS)	A hard steel alloy commonly used for cutting tools. It is superior to carbon steel in its ability to retain hardness at high temperatures, making it very suitable for tools that must endure friction-based heating.
Hollow Grinding	Making a concave bevel on a cutting tool, such as a chisel or plane iron.
Horned Dado	An undesirable condition in which the outer dado blades cut deeper than the inner chipper blades. So called due to the dado's profile somewhat resembling that of a horned owl.
Hygroscopic	The ability of certain materials, such as wood, to absorb moisture from the atmosphere. Changes in humidity result in dimensional changes of wood.
Infeed	The direction a workpiece is fed into a machine. (See "Outfeed")
Interlocked Grain	A wood with multiple grain directions in different layers. Machining such wood is difficult, as tearout often occurs.
Jig	A device used to make special cuts, guide a tool, or aid in woodworking operations. Many jigs can be purchased, but making them your self is a lot more fun.
Joinery	The process of joining two or more pieces of wood, using certain cuts or shapes, and/or fasteners.
Jointer	A machine with a set of rotating knives or blades, used to smooth and square the edge of a board. The machine operates by removing a thin layer of the wood as the wood is passed across the rotating knives.
Kerf	The amount of material removed (width of cut) by a saw blade. The kerf width is equal to the set of the blade teeth.
Keyhole Saw	A small hand saw, with a thin, tapered blade, used to cut curves into wood. Often used for cutting apertures into sheet goods to accommodate plumbing, vents, electrical fixtures, etc.
Kickback	A potentially hazardous condition in which a power tool abruptly thrusts a workpiece in the opposite direcion of feed.
Kiln	An enclosure or building having a controlled temperature and humidity, used for drying raw lumber.
Laminate	A thin material used to cover wood. Examples are Formica and plastic artificial veneers.
Lap	A type of joinery that involves overlapping of the members being joined. Common lap joints include half lap, cross lap, mitered half lap, and dovetail lap.
Linseed Oil	A fatty oil extracted from the linseed by hydraulic pressure ("raw") or by boiling or heating ("boiled").
Lumber-Core Plywood	Plywood comprised of thin outer veneers laminated over a single core of wood. Unlike regular plywwod which has a core of multiple, alternating grained layers of wood.
Mawashibiki	A Japanese hand saw with a thin blade, used for cutting curves. Similar to a keyhole saw.
Medium Density Fiberboard (MDF)	A composite board made from compressed wood fibers held together with a binding agent. MDF has a hard, smooth surface, though not as hard as the surface of hardboard. Usually sold in sheets.
Miter (or "Mitre")	A cut made at an angle in respect to the edge of a board.
Miter Box	A device used to guide a hand saw in making crosscuts at a particular angle.
Miter Gauge	A sliding device that is used to guide a workpiece into a power tool, such as a table saw, router table, bandsaw, etc. A miter gauge can be adjusted to user-defined angles.
Miter Joint	Joining the ends or edges of two members at a particular angle by cutting each member to half the desired angle. For example, joining members of a picture frame at 90 degrees, by cutting each end 45 degrees. A relatively weak joint that can be reinforced with splines or dowels.
Mitered Half Lap	A variation of the half lap joint, which shows a miter on the exposed face of the work. Generally weaker than other types of lap joints, due to the reduced gluing surface.
Morse Taper	A standardized taper on the shank of a drill chuck or lathe center, and is pressed into the machine by a friction fit.
Mortise	In joinery, a rectangular hole machined into a workpiece to accept the tenon of another workpiece.
Nominal Dimension	The rough-sawn dimension of a piece of lumber. Planed lumber is customarily sold by its nominal, rough-sawn size. For example a one-inch (4/4) hardwood board is the nominal size for a board with an actual thickness of about 3/4" to 7/8."
Non-Piloted Bit	A router bit that does not have a guide bearing.
Outfeed	The direction of a workpiece as it exits a machine. (See "Infeed")
Particleboard	A composite board, usually sold in sheets, comprised of recycled wood dust held together with a binding agent. Generally much coarser than MDF or hardboard.
Piloted Bit	A router bit fitted with a bearing above the cutter which rides on the edge of a board or template to maintain a fixed distance between the bit and the edge.
Pin Nailer	A nail gun designed to drive very small, narrow-gauge nails. Typically used to tack woodcomponents into place during gluing, leaving very small and unnoticeable nail holes.
Pitch	The number of teeth per inch (TPI) on a saw blade.
Pitch Pocket	A pocket of resin or sap within a board. Most commonly found in wood from conifers (softwood), though can be found in some kinds of hardwood, such as cherry.
Pith	The soft core found at or near the center of a log. The consistency of pith is sometimes referred to as being "punky."
Plain-Sawn	Lumber sawn tangential to the growth rings.
Planer	A machine comprising a number of rotating knives or blades, used to cut a smooth surface into a board. Often referred to as a "thickness planer," as it is commonly used to reduce the thickness of a board by cutting a thin layer from the surface.
Plinth	A base or pedestal upon which a cabinet stands.
Plumb	Being vertical, defined as being perpendicular to the direction of the earth's gravitational force.
Plunge Router	A router mounted on a spring loaded base. The router can be turned on and plunged down into the workpiece.
Plywood	A wood laminate comprised of thin layers of wood in alternating grain orientations.
Pocket Hole	A shallow-angled counterbored hole, used in joining boards end-to-edge. Special pan-head screws are then driven into the pocket holes to affix the boards to one another. Often used in constructing face frames for cabinetry, where the pocket holes will remain out of sight on the backside of the frame.
Polyurethane	A polymer used in top-coat varnishes and adhesives.
Primary Wood	The premium-quality wood used for the visible components of a cabinet or other structure. (See "Secondary Wood")
Push Stick (or Push Block)	A hand-held device used to safely push a workpiece into or through a power tool.
Quarter	A unit of measure for the nominal thickness of hardwood, expressed in quarters of an inch. Generally expressed as a proper or improper fraction,such as 4/4 or 6/4. For example 4/4 (stated "four quarters") lumber has a nominal thickness of one inch, though the final measured thickness is usually somewhat less after the lumber has been dried and planed. Similarly, 8/4 lumber is nominally 2 inches thick, and so on.
Quarter-Sawn	Lumber cut radially to the growth rings, resulting in the rings being relatively perpendicular to the face of the board. Quarter-sawn lumber tends to be more dimensionally stable than other forms of lumber, such as plain-sawn, but is usually more costly.
Rabbet	A channel cut part way through the edge of a board.
Radial Arm Saw	A power saw designed to move across a beam or track, used for crosscutting lumber. Unlike with a table saw, lumber cut with a radial arm saw remains stationary. Some radial arm saws can be adapted for ripping, by turning the blade head 90 degrees, and feeding the lumber into the blade.
Rail	A horizontal member that runs along the underside of a table. Also used to refer to the horizontal component of a raised panel assembly.
Raised Panel	A member that forms the center of a frame and panel assembly. The member usually has a shallow bevel or sculpted cut along its edges, resulting in its center having a raised appearance when mounted into the frame.
Rake	The angle of saw blade teeth.
Rasp	A coarse file with raised teeth, used for shaping wood.
Relief Cuts	Cuts made perpendicular to the layout of an intended curved cut, which allows sharp turns to be cut in the wood. The relief cuts allow the waste to drop away in smaller sections, providing more clearance for the sharply-turned cutting to continue.
Resaw	Ripping lumber into thinner pieces. Usually performed on a band saw.
Rip	A cut made parallel to the wood's grain.
Rough Lumber	Lumber that has been sawn, but not planed or otherwise surfaced..
Runout	The amount of out-of-center movement or wobble in a rotational tool, such as a router, lathe, or drill.
Ryoba	A type of Japanese hand saw, used for general carpentry. The Ryoba has two cutting edges, one for crosscutting, and the other for ripping. Both edges cut on the pull stroke. Not to be confused with Ryobi, a brand of cheap woodworking tools.
Sapwood	The living tissue of a tree, lying between the heartwood and the bark. Sapwood is generally lighter in color than heartwood.
Scarf Joint	A means of joining two members end to end, where the joint is angled, not perpendicular like a butt joint. The advantage of this joint over a butt joint, is that the gap between members is less noticeable, particularly when the members contract away from one another. A very weak joint, typically used for decorative trim work.
Scraper	A hand tool, comprised of a small sheet of metal with a burred edge, which is drawn across the surface of a workpiece to smooth the surface. Often used in place of sandpaper, and when used skillfully, can create a finer surface without sand scratches. Sometimes referred to as a "card scraper" or "cabinet scraper."
Secondary Wood	Lower-quality wood used as a cost-saving measure for non-visible portions of a cabinet or other structure. (See "Primary Wood")
Select	In softwood, lumber which has been graded strictly for its appearance. In hardwood, lumber that is one grade below first and second, but above common grade.
Set	The side offset of teeth on each side of a saw blade, designed to provide clearance for the body of the blade as it passes through the workpiece.
Sheet Goods	Term used to describe a broad range of thin wood and laminate products that are typically sold in sheet form. Includes plywood, MDF, waferboard, etc.
Shellac	A finishing substance comprised of a resin in solution with denatured alcohol.
Snipe	Shallow gouges cut into a board by a planer or jointer, caused by the end of the board shifting slightly toward the rotating cutterhead as the board's end passes the feed rollers and is no longer supported by them. Considered a minor defect and often unavoidable.
Softwood	Generally lumber from a conifer such as pine or cedar. The name softwood does not necessarily portray the hardness of the wood. Some hardwoods, such as Balsa, are actually softer than many softwoods.
Spade Bit	A spade-shaped bit generally used for drilling large-diameter flat-bottomed holes in wood. A cheap substitute for Forstner bits.
Spalting	A change in pattern and/or texture of a wood, due to an infestation of fungus.
Specific Gravity	The ratio of the weight of a substance, such as wood, to an equal volume of pure water. The higher the specific gravity, the heavier the wood. Wood (with no voids) having a specific gravity of greater than 1.0 will sink in water.
Spline	In joinery, a thin piece of wood that fits in the opposing grooves cut into two pieces of wood.
Spokeshave	A curved cutting edge, held between two handles, used to hand-shape curved surfaces.
Square	(noun) A tool used to layout or confirm 90 degree angles. (verb) To make something square (90 degree angle). (adjective) The state of being in a 90 degree angle.
Squeeze-Out	A bead or drops of excess glue forced out of a joint when pressure is applied, such as by clamping.
Stacked (Stack) Dado	A set of cutters used for cutting dadoes, grooves and rabbets, comprised of two outer cutting blades, and a series of inner chipper blades. The width of the desired cut can be chosen by the number of chipper blades used. Thin shims are also used to make minor adjustments of the desired cut width.
Stain	A dye or pigment used to color wood.
Sticker	A thin wood strip that is inserted between stacks of green wood to allow air to flow through the stack to ensure proper drying.
Stile	The vertical component of a raised panel assembly. Stiles can be joined perpendicularly with rails to produce frames.
Surfaced Lumber	A piece of wood that has been planed smooth on one or more surfaces. For example, "S2S" means lumber that is surfaced on two sides.
Swing	The maximum diameter object that can be turned on a particular lathe.
Table Saw	A circular saw mounted beneath a flat surface, with height and angle adjustability. The saw remains in a stationary position, with the workpiece being fed into the saw. Generally used for ripping, though crosscuts can be made by using a miter gauge or a sliding "sled" device.
Tabled Splice	A type of lap joint where the cheeks of the two members are interlocking, providing the joint with much higher tensile strength.
Taper Cut	A cut where the width of the workpiece decreases along its length. Often performed on a table saw or band saw.
Tearout	The tendency for a blade or other cutting tool to shear out part of the wood at the exit point during crosscutting.
Template	A pattern for cutting or routing wood. Often made of hardboard and used with a pilot bit to route a shape in a board.
Tenon	A milled, rectangular end of board designed to fit snugly into a matching mortise to form a joint. Think of a plug going into a socket.
Tongue And Groove	A joinery method where one board is cut with a protruding ridge designed to fit into a matching piece with a corresponding cut along its edge. Often used for flooring, paneling, and siding.
TPI	Teeth per inch. The pitch of a saw blade.
Varnish	A finish applied to a surface which seals the surface and provides a protective and/or ornamental top coat.
Veneer	A thin sheet of wood cut from a log, designed to be laminated atop a substrate of wood or composite.
Wane	An edge of a sawn board where bark or surface of the tree trunk remains.
Warp	A distortion in lumber, such as a twist or bow.

The author used to be an engineer many years ago and is currently an attorney practicing in Minneapolis, Minnesota. In his spare time (what spare time?) he enjoys woodworking as a hobby, and has done so for too long to remember.